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2018On August 28

Einstein today's art world

当今美术界的爱因斯坦 文/王博(《投资与合作》主编) 张芳邨出生于书画世家,He graduated from the Central Academy of Fine Arts。For a long time,His feelings bold pursuit of painting forms of artistic expression,Drawing attention to the phenomenon of independent artistic elements。1997year,He found BZ painting;2006year,He studied 10 years of painting came BZ。The birth of this painting techniques of,Make mysterious painting in the form of BZ,Bid farewell to the traditional principle of the pen and pigment paintings,In turn, presents the magnificent colors of minerals by chemical reaction、Form multi-dimensional work of art。This unprecedented paintings invention,Chang Fangcun since become a scientist subvert the history of human art of painting in the world.。   发明“BZ绘画” 张芳邨从小喜爱天文学,But my father coached by the impact of Lu Yi,He finally embarked on the road of painting。After admitted to the Central Academy of Fine Arts,He studied under Mr. Jin Shangyi,Learn figurative realistic painting。but,Long-term practice of painting,He always felt realistic painting can not freely express their feelings。1997year,A chance,He read that one kind referred to as "BZ" chemical reaction,Since then,,"BZ" Science opens a magical world for him。  The so-called "BZ reaction.",That Soviet scientists do not Rosoff and firewood Botingsiji, discovered in 1959, with their names and the first letter of the name of chemical reaction principle。This reaction,Referred to as "chemical clock",essentially,It refers to a chemical form of oscillation。which is,Where appropriate catalyst "Mn" and "cerium" in,After the mixed solution in a Petri dish with a malonic acid oxidation vessel bromide,We can see the incubator continues to radiate a strange color ripple;such as,First, the solution turns blue,Then turn red,And then turn yellow,The wave shape and;If you continue to add substance,Reaction will continue to be,colour、We will continue to change shape。 Actually,red、yellow、Blue is the universe of the three primary colors,The human eye can distinguish more than two thousand million colors,It is composed of these three primary colors。Zhang Fangcun follow the BZ reaction principle,The three primary color is diluted to the extent of the reaction may be,Then poured onto a blank canvas,After a period of time,Naturally occurring variety of colorful、Composition chaotic disorder、Texture undulating art paintings。 US scientists said Schlesinger:Science "of the 20th century,Always remember only three things,relativity、Quantum theory and chaos theory "。Physicists also believe Ford,Chaos Theory is the third of the 20th century scientific revolution。The chemical oscillations,Chaos theory is to open a key chemical。therefore,Zhang Fangcun understanding and application of the principle BZ BZ reaction on painting techniques,Making the "chaos theory" has brought a revolution in the art of painting。 "Regrettably,BZ reaction of the scientific community did not cause the attention it deserves,It has been buried four、Fifty years。later,A scientist Belgian Plymouth high Sinti the theory of dissipative structure,For this reason also wrote a monograph, "The End of Certainty",And therefore won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry,The scientific community has great importance to the principle of fishes BZ。"Zhang explained Fangcun,He read the book it is digoxin Plymouth,Inspired by the theory of "dissipative structures",Coupled with repeated personal study、experiment,Was successfully BZ principle should be transported to his painting practice。 Zhang said the Fangcun,In order to grasp the BZ Science,He had also taught himself painting school、Chromatics、anatomy、Of perspective、Cosmology、physics、Natural science、Knowledge of philosophy and other subjects,It is because of this knowledge as a basis、And conducted numerous experiments painting,Finally invented BZ study painting。Looking back on this story,He 由衷地感叹,BZ painting is undoubtedly the perfect combination of technology and art,It is the perfect combination of art and science。 2006year,Zhang Fangcun finally 10 years of research was launched BZ painting、In the National Museum of China held a grand personal BZ Painting Exhibition。Although at the time the door was still fail to understand this painting,Some even thought that BZ painting a "fantasy",But Zhang Fangcun own BZ painting confident:"This painting is divided into three different dimensions,left、right、positive,From three sides can present a different picture, respectively。and,BZ painting can reveal the nature of the evolution of the law in decades and password in a few hours,and so,BZ painting called human chemistry theory and art techniques combined with a model。” 的确,From ancient times,All with the stroke of a painter painting out,The law BZ painting by a scientific experiment、Singular Art screen is formed by a chemical reaction。As a result of every game is different experiments,So for each painting three-dimensional imaging also their different,therefore,Zhang Fangcun BZ painting each one has a "unique" artistic value。 More importantly,BZ painting is not limited to the creation of the shelves,It can also form in sculpture、Building piles、Pottery、The creation of a wide range of porcelain and other objects。Currently,Zhang Fangcun already in use BZ ink painting creation、painting、Ceramic painting、Sculpture and other works。He said:"Jesus Christ all things,I can use them as media,BZ reaction were painting。therefore,I dare say,BZ painting is to subvert the history of human painting painting。” 据悉,47,000 years ago, the ancient Greek cave murals,After thousands of years ever since the change of color,Because of the use of animal fat and primitive natural mineral pigment mixture harmonic generation,This pigment is formed through the chemical reaction of the earliest human discovered。To the European Renaissance,Leonardo da Vinci、Michelangelo、Raphael and other artists,Such materials are based on paintings。later,People began using egg white、Linseed oil and various mineral pigment grinding reconcile,This has been a relatively modern painting of raw materials。The BZ painting pigments used,BZ completely natural minerals and chemical formulation of independent inventive Zhang Fangcun、Prepared from the reaction proportionally。 Zhang said Fangcun,BZ formula with naturally occurring entirely dynamic paintings、living,Painting will present a variety of rhythm and color on canvas.,Screen After 1-2 hours to freeze to form a motion。In that 1-2 hours of time,Screen time walking around、Evolution,Until after the end of the exercise,The final picture presented,Even the artist himself can not imagine。 Turning to this magical harvest,Zhang expressed Fangcun,This is his long-term study of natural sciences、The results attentive epiphany law。He said,Since the nineties of the last century,By discussing the relationship between art and science,He gradually realized that:Mathematics is the language of science,Art is a feeling for the language,The feeling is the result of spiritual consciousness of human reaction。Mathematics as the language of science to result,It can be interpreted beyond human vision and imagination within the scope of the world,And can predict the future。Whom he feeling:"If there is no abstract mathematical description provided,Physics will never go beyond the simple mechanics。"He went on about her past figurative paintings were negative。He said:"If you do not feel abstract description provided,Art will never go beyond simple tracing。” 回顾十九世纪以来的艺术史,we know,Scientific discovery is light,Let impressionist open up horizons,The true light into the painting。"and so,I particularly admire scientists,Einstein's theory of relativity and in particular。It is because of my in-depth study of the human sciences to the forefront,after that,BZ painting was invented。In this sense,Science and art of creating a,The scientific development of the arts,Science is the art of Venus。"Said Zhang Fangcun。 “画法超过了毕加索” 张芳邨一向关注绘画元素的自主现象,This is the core of the artistic value of his painting of BZ。Chinese well-known art critic Fang Zhenning once told "BZ painting" high praise:"Zhang Fangcun BZ painting mode is China's rare painting,BZ painting is unique in the history of world art。This painting than Picasso,The arts of mankind made tremendous contributions。"He also pointed out,"Zhang Fangcun concern is the phenomenon of artistic autonomy,That phenomenon is independent of the elements of the painting,This is the core Zhang Fangcun paintings。” 我们常赞叹,TRW is the natural beauty of the nature of the work。The BZ painting,With its echoes。"I have this painting,Seemingly disorderly,Essence orderly,Because it's like the same instruction from a superior,Autonomous movement。"Zhang Fangcun humbly express:"I am very glad that they have such a discovery。But I itself is not so great,I just learn some knowledge of human wisdom,And with my own enthusiasm and positive energy,The love of nature manifested itself。” 张芳邨直言,The essential difference between traditional painting and painting is that BZ,BZ is not destined figurative painting,It can produce a picture of life,This painting is autonomous phenomenon,BZ is the core of painting。He said,This art form changes,From following the laws of science,Simultaneously,Art makes it back to the origin of science、Return to the track of the universe voluntary movement。 Some have called,On the surface,Zhang Fangcun BZ painting,Somewhat similar to American abstract painter Jackson·Pollock's style,Actually,Both are different in nature。 Pollock contribution to the history of painting is,Liberation of gravity painting,His first painting in the brush freely without touching the canvas; And Zhang Fangcun concern that the BZ reaction between the material elements of the,That is, between the elements of "self-organizing phenomenon",It is somewhat like digital architectural design "self-generation design.",That is designed to achieve the result by automatically controlling the material and minimal manual。 As we all know,Using toner pigment to paint oil mixture,This is the basic common sense of traditional painting,Even impressionist using the "stippling" approach,It will be the first color。The BZ painting,Then let the free movement of different pigments on canvas、Interpenetration、Interactions,Ultimately "self-organization" in the oscillation,The result of this oscillation is the result of visual chaos,And this result,It is beyond the control of the painter and unexpected natural painting。 Nearly 20 years,People study for "self-organization" of chemical reactions,It has become a very fashionable subject。Simultaneously,This phenomenon of self-organization,Also inspired the artist painting the understanding of the methodology and to open up new areas of painting,And Zhang Fangcun BZ painting,Art is no doubt the history of mankind a new great practice。 人类对艺术的重新诠释 艺术的伟大内涵,Inspire artists never-ending pursuit of innovation and invention in the way of。BZ advent of painting,Undoubtedly challenge the traditional form of painting。someone said,This revolution,It is a product of the era of civilization,But also the nature of art aesthetic requirements,It is the historical mission Artists。Zhang said Fangcun,Endless universe,Unlimited artistic innovation,Mankind will usher in the era of the history of painting BZ。The universe created all things,Through a complex transition and will generate new life forms。thus,BZ painting through the art form,Password and decrypt found life in the universe。in some meaning,BZ painting is the inevitable development of science,It is the inevitable development of the arts,And this inevitable,The interpretation of the universe and of mankind, "Heaven," the infinite magic。 "BZ painting I invented,It is indeed a very great discovery。When painting do not know what the outcome will be,After the evolution of science,It will be like a sapphire blooming splendor。If I say that the aesthetic value of this painting BZ,It will change human re-interpretation of art、Rethink,Open up a wider artistic way,Then,I hope that in the future in other areas of the natural sciences,You can get a similar artistic inspiration。” 张芳邨认为,As an artist,It should continue to explore,Let the mind time to follow nature's self to exchange。"He says,Those great philosophers in history、the scientist、writer、politician,It is great,Because of their great ideas。"and so,We engage in artistic creation of artists,It must be a great idea,And not just stop at the traditional technology、Only emphasized technical and skills,Because the ideas are not updated,It is unable to create a work that shook the world。at the same time,We need to know how to keep the faith in loneliness,Adhere to the principles of the art of life lies in the invention。"Zhang Fangcun BZ Art,Art history is the art and science of marriage continues,Kupka also called "artistic requirements from the components of the invented compositions" Positive。BZ Art Zhang Fangcun invention.,It has caused great concern to the art world! Currently,BZ Art has developed more than 100 kinds of patents and trademarks in mainland China and Taiwan。2014year,These intellectual property rights,It will be in IT、estate、Television、car、Fashionable dress、Backpacks and other widely used in many fields。someone said,Zhang Fangcun always very keen to find more profound than natural scientists of science。Actually,His eyesight is no accident。Interview, the reporter learned,Zhang Fangcun childhood worship Einstein,In particular, it is extremely interested in astrophysics,He often look to the sky meditation:Earth hanging in the air how it will not go away? In his opinion,The creation of human beings of the mysteries of the universe too,therefore,He dreams all the time can become a scientist like Einstein。Nowadays,In the great era of advocating innovation,When China has a great artistic invention BZ,We can not help but sigh:All the way to the pursuit of science、More than a lifetime to explore Zhang Fangcun,不正是当今美术界的爱因斯坦吗? ——王博 撰写于2014年2月 发布于2018年1月
2018On August 28

Chinese mythology - World revolutionary "BZ Art" pioneer - oil painting artist Zhang Fangcun

中国神话——世界革命性“BZ艺术”首创者——油画艺术家张芳邨 文/刘军(艺术评论家) 艺术和科学的完美结合使他发现和首创了世界上独一无二的革命性“BZ艺术”,BZ discovery and creation of art,It will change the human visual language of new thinking and new methods to set off a new chapter in the history of painting。 "BZ art" based on science "BZ" reaction ( "BZ reaction" is that God,<space>Pattern design is completed) inspiration,And then we found that pioneered the world's only "B-Z" painting。 "BZ Art" The discovery of the art of painting produced a qualitative change,It is the art of painting to an unprecedented height and state,It is the human quest for freedom、real、Purely visual representation and spirit。   Psychotropic substances (soul) is the nature of the world,Mongolia looks matter just a veil in the real world,People only see the flash of the spirit through the veil to。While in reality people have this much insight,Only a true artist only have this ability。Because art is the soul of activities,Very few people are aware of the "spiritual shock",Special status "is wrapped in a natural form in the mind。"Those longer than the performance skills of the artist can not awaken the spirit of the art of the future。 "BZ Art" reveals the true meaning of the painting in great,It goes beyond the "B-Z reaction" in the objective conditions of the universe,Because "BZ art" applied the artist's subconscious emotions play,And injecting the different substances reacting、breakthrough。Chaos becomes disordered state from the original time、New orderly condition and other aspects of space。Let pigment material autocatalytic,That reaction can be catalyzed reaction product,Accelerate their synthesis。Non-life system simple ingredients can easily generate complex patterns and structures spontaneous。Beautiful patterns formed last surprise even the artist himself feels,It goes beyond the "B-Z reaction" beautiful patterns。 Natural reaction coupled with intervention and breakthrough artist,Heaven reached nature's most perfect picture。   From art history to see,Great artists of every age,In all that time to find and create something new。They again changed the way people view the world vision,Such as classicism、Realism、Impressionism、Fauvism、Cubism、Futurism、Surrealism、Expressionism, etc.,Surface phenomena they study and performance of just painting things、Material appearance。And "BZ Art" inquiry is the essence of painting things、Essence of the World、Psychotropic substances。 "BZ Art" spirit of the painting raised back to a prehistoric human spirit needs painting。From ignorance to civilization,Murals from prehistoric caves to religious、And then to science until today's highly civilized human beings。 Painting has played a key role opened the door of human wisdom,The twenty-first century human civilization more needs to be intelligent and bright future,Painting spiritual need of human wisdom and great ideas。   "BZ Art" red、yellow、And blue-based tone,Creating an element with unique performance practices viable language of painting as a symphony shocking。His work a mysterious transmission of scientific ideas and forceful personality,It is a haven of peace、The vast screen is full of great tension and aggressiveness in the growing momentum。This enables each of them into his works startled,Thereby opening the soul of dust covered windows,To pursue painter experience magical wonders of the colorful world to find common themes,Wake up really insights,Advocating for the good and the pursuit of beauty。 "BZ Art" is unique in that it is the artist with the heart to interpret hanging soul,With changing,Totally natural colors and lines to reveal the universe to create life。 Contemporary art world did not produce a true master of masters,Such as:"Leonardo da Vinci、Cezanne、Picasso、Matisse、Monet、Kandinsky "。Because contemporary art is fake、Big、air、stupid、stay、Silly,Most lacking is thought。Contemporary art is only the pursuit of art prices,Not the pursuit of artistic value,The real master is the artistic value of art price decision,Decision without artistic value as the price of Contemporary Art,Today's economic development is to see works of art profitable,The works of art lost its moral standards。   Zhang Fangcun founded the BZ Art,You can not fill the world of contemporary art masters masters blank。A foreign art critics say:"Picasso in front of Pollock painting is pediatrics,I dare say:"Pollock painting in front of Zhang Fangcun painting is insignificant"。Since ancient times discovered painting Zhang Fangcun great truth "BZ Art"。BZ Art paintings reflect the nature and the highest state,Artists and pigment material natural integration,Unconscious unintentional,Rather than have intentionally consciousness,It is different from any era painter。 Kant said:"I feel the information is false,The thing itself and its representation are two different things. ",Whether Leonardo da Vinci、Monet、Cezanne、Picasso,They just do things in an appearance drawing means,Rather than the thing itself。The Da Vinci discovered perspective tone and five,Appearance of things in this way can the performance of very realistic,In the two-dimensional picture of the performance of a three-dimensional appearance of things,It is actually a false,We all know that an apple Photo,In fact, it is just a piece of paper plane,Not real eat apples。Impressionists such as Monet's paintings are representative of the development of color science at the time of the appearance of things, it adds a rich pigment,Because they walked out of the studio,Set aside the classical sketch-like single color,Looking for beautiful things in the world of color,Non-appearance of things but still things themselves。Another example is the father of modernist impressionist Cezanne he put aside the blind pursuit of things surface color,To seek to improve the structure of things,From the sun caused by the influence of time and space,But appearances can structure things or things。Another example of Picasso influenced by Cezanne,Founded Cubism,He is to structure things you do not see the other side manifested draw on the screen,Subjectively show the whole picture of things,But still show appearance of things。   Pollock painting ever the spirit of dripping try to show people,They are great unprecedented,Unfortunately, he did deeper research and exploration。And unlike other painters Zhang Fangcun,Confined to the field of painting,He grew up a keen interest in painting and science,Later, further study into the Academy of Fine Arts,He continues to explore forms of painting,Look painting theory books,Research also saw a large number of natural science,Theoretical Physics science and philosophy and foreign books,Greatly enriched his creative ideas。 He found and created in 1997 BZ Art paintings figurative painting process。I asked him how the world is no other painter painting really find this association,How did you find,He said:"Other scientists have not found the world how the law of gravity,How Newton discovered,Newton was questioned by reverse thinking,Apple how to fall from the tree on the ground,Do not fall into the sky,Thereby discovering the Earth gravity,And then found the law of gravity. "。Painter said:"Whether scientists、philosopher、Great artists are their distinctive ideas,If I do not answer (BZ Art),I am afraid that the world's very few people could read the great discoveries and create my original works implied "。 He optimism,Tenacious attitude,His idealism,Dianran penetration in real life,Step by step to reach the highest point of his own yearning。 刘军 2006年10月8日写于北京
2018On August 28

Art scene event

艺坛盛事 文/邱兆亿("World Tribune" president) Years ago,Dear friends via,Vice chairman of China Taiwan Association of Women Entrepreneurs,Cross-strait cultural ambassador Wang Ming Ming's special presentation,I had the opportunity with the world's first BZ art paintings of artist Zhang Fangcun many friends,Witness the full talent、Vitality and potential,Outstanding artists have great aspirations and vision,Yuedeng pace of the international art scene。 Zhang Fangcun unique style of art gives a new outlook,Not only have an impact on both sides of the arts,Art lovers also conquered the foreign guests,More attracted international art scene and collectors recognition and favor。   Mr. Zhang Fangcun BZ world's first art paintings,Red、yellow、And blue-based tone,The creation of a viable language of painting with the original performance practices,With a symphony-like shocking。The entire screen is filled with great tension and majestic momentum,Let every person to enjoy the works,We were startled,And then search for the artist is how to interpret the soul with the heart thinker,And the use of BZ Art painting in hues of nature itself、Lines and changes to reveal the universe to create life。 Zhang Fangcun BZ Art I can not help but think of "Interstellar"、"Canopy:A universe of information scorer Diaries "(referred to as" sky ")、"Gravity" and other novels and movies。Has been,I do not know what language to express:In the depths of the universe's most、Darkest、Perhaps the most beautiful picture bears,It bears the most beautiful story。As the movie,"Interstellar" do a good exploration,But the expression was not enough,Not much fun。After seeing BZ Art,finally, I understand,Those beautiful、Invisible things,It should look something like this,You should be so beautiful。on the other hand:Zhang Fangcun describe books and BZ master the art of "love marks",I've seen a few,reference,Content information,Thinking,Writing angle,Especially the innovative and creative aspects,Europe will not lose in the author's biography,It is more pleasing,"Love mark" both scientific and far-reaching vision of the stars in general and romantic poetry。For a tech-leading Tsinghua University Press is publishing Shrine,Biographies of artists published in this form should。 Mr. Zhang Fangcun the occasion of the forthcoming biography,I was fortunate to whom order。I believe,The book valuable experience and wisdom to promote social harmony,Inspirational art world and their backward helpful,At the same time so that every deeply love the arts community benefit。
2018On August 28

Art and Science of an encounter

艺术与科学的一场邂逅 文/李逸龙(China University of Petroleum (East China) School of Economics and Management party secretary) Every time I see Fangcun works,Always deeply shocked,There was a very shocking state of the United States。 Every time I see Fangcun,Always fascinated,Was attracted by a particularly simple and friendly。 I have been a painter when fangcun,Because of his work shows a remarkable artistic talent。But I found myself wrong,Because when he explained to me BZ reaction time,He is like a scientist! When he used the original principle of the BZ BZ group of paintings from the time,I believe:He is an inventor! He contributed to the art and science of an encounter,Using scientific expression of art,Understanding of science with art,完美结合的结果是如此惊艳! 芳邨的作品带来震撼,From its realm。 首先是率真境界 艺术作品,Your natural frankness。Chuang Tzu said, "who really,Sincere matter to it. ",No fine not sincere not moving。Painting is from a different perspective,The use of physical and chemical effects pigments to express and convey beauty。BZ difference between painting and traditional painting that,Traditional painting painter paint parked in direct control where。The BZ painting most wonderful place to be "self-organizing phenomenon" between elements,Painter and limited to allow different pigments,Permeate to flow freely on the canvas、Blending experience,Let them in the oscillation "self-organization",Breathing essence of heaven and earth,Good luck magic show,Resulting in pure chaos、Natural and harmonious state。US-tasting BZ Art,You will be able to deeply feel that this is a straightforward realm,To experience the true feeling naturally occurring,Cultivate a detached attitude to really sincere。In contemplation of the vulgar taste beyond the city,Enjoy the "nature" of the mysterious Youyuan I respected,Intoxicated "two things I forgot," the free Happy depicted in Zhuangzi。 第二是意趣境界 意境是中国艺术的美学追求。Northern and Southern Dynasties Liu Xie's comment "not only with the substance to Wanzhuan,Also with the heart and wandering ",Zhang Yan Tang Dynasty far advocated "nature outside,Source Inside ",Liu Yuxi Description "Outside the Image",Comments of the definition of "Beyond the elephant outside,Obtaining the ring. ",The mood has always been the standard we appreciate and judge a work of art。Fangcun BZ painting real insight to generate color、Variety、Synthesis of principles and mechanisms of,Make art really be restored to Heaven、Naturally occurring state,Artists subconscious emotions play、Led intervention and the concept of the soul,It is in the form of "materialized" in harmony to achieve a self-organized by the movement of physical chemistry and Presentation。And finally the non-living systems evolve into simpler components and structure of a complex pattern,We imagine form、Unpredictable magnificent picture。Such a scenario indeed, as the late Ming Wang Fu-chih enlightenment "King's love of the King,Who love King of Love "as,It is a "matter of a heart Yuan" wonderful mood。BZ Art was like to、Feeling in the head、It will be at the heart,By grain color rheology,Allowing the body realized an indescribably,Wonderful feelings and thoughts。 第三是神妙境界 美术之“美”的超越,That unique charm、Subtle Gendori。Chinese people's aesthetic orientation,By Easy、Road、Disseminated Buddhist thought,Pursuit marvelous realm,Or "wonderland"、"Perfection"。"Book of Changes", saying "yin and yang eventuality that of God.",I say "so often no desire to watch his wonderful.","Occult,All miracles. ",The highest level of self-taught Buddhist called "Miaojue"。This is a mystical realm,Reiki is a natural trance from,And do not think the spirit world to。   The phenomenon of self-organization is part of the natural movement of the universe,Self-organization phenomenon is known as BZ reaction is the evolution of the science of chemistry。If the mutual integration of the two solutions,They will automatically generate beautiful、Periodically changing pattern,Like a pendulum of time for regular oscillation。Fangcun BZ find and create a painting in the 1997 New Year figurative painting。His painstaking exploration and research more than a decade to improve this painting。In the process of painting,He mineral pigments diluted to an appropriate degree,Let the natural reaction of various pigments on canvas,Showing colorful、Fresh texture、Chaos harmonious pattern picture。This picture mysterious、unique,Called "flash in the pan",Unrepeatable,Less likely to produce so-called fake painting。From ancient rock paintings to contemporary art and both are manifestations of things as well as the appearance of so-called ideas,BZ artistic exploration and the pursuit of art itself origin,And art in the physical and chemical properties exhibited by natural evolution results,The complete work of art "life" of the process by the phenomenon of self-organization。As this life of Qing Zheng Banqiao said, "Gone with the Wind Spirit and no place to draw,There is no truth more true soul "。BZ绘画是有“真魂”的艺术! 这一场艺术与科学的惊艳邂逅将留下遥远的回声! 中国石油大学(华东)经济管理学院党委书记 李逸龙 2015.6.4
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